Heat 1 tablespoon oil in a large soup pot/Dutch oven over medium high heat. Brown sausage and onions for 4 minutes, while breaking up the sausage. Add carrots and celery and sauté an additional 5 minutes or until the meat is cooked through and the vegetables/onions are tender. Add the garlic and red pepper flakes (if using) and cook for 1 minute. Dain grease. Add all remaining soup ingredients up to the Add Later/through pepper. Cover to help bring to a boil. Reduce the heat to low and simmer, covered with about 1 -inch gap, for 10 minutes.
Add the chicken broth and beans and bring the soup to a boil. Once boiling, add the pasta and simmer (uncovered) until al dente (don’t overcook!), about 8 minutes, stirring frequently.
Discard the cheese rind and bay leaf. Stir in the Parmesan cheese until melted. If you didn't use a Parmesan rind, you may wish to add more Parmesan. The soup is supposed to be a thick, chili-like consistency (and will continue to thicken as it sits), but you may thin with additional broth if desired. Season with additional salt and pepper to taste.
Ladle soup into bowls and top with freshly grated Parmesan, basil and parsley if desired. Dig in!